Serotonin uptake rates in synaptosomes using boron-doped diamond electrodes
Y.S. SINGH1, B. A. PATEL4, A. J. BRESSLER1, G. M. SWAIN5, A. M. ANDREWS2,3
The
serotonin system controls diverse psychological functions including the
regulation of mood, anxiety states, cognition, reward-related behavior.
While serotonin signaling take place via 14 differentially regulated
serotonin receptors, a single serotonin transporter plays a vital role
in controlling the spatial and temporal domains of serotonin’s
interactions with these receptors. In humans, SERT expression is
thought to be variable due to the 5-HTTLPR, a 43 base pair promoter
polymorphism, and a related intervening single nucleotide polymorphism.
Variations in SERT expression have been associated with differences in
anxiety-related personality traits. We are investigating a mouse model
with partial or complete constitutive reductions in SERT expression
that similarly exhibits differences in anxiety-like behavior. We
previously demonstrated gene dose-dependent reductions in serotonin
uptake rates in synaptosomes prepared from a number of brain regions in
SERT deficient mice using high-speed chronoamperometry and 30-μm
cylindrical carbon fiber microelectrodes. However, maximal uptake rates
had to be extrapolated from kinetic curves due to electrode fouling at
higher concentrations of serotonin. Here, we investigated the use of
boron-doped diamond (BDD) microelectrodes and high-speed
chronoamperometry to revisit uptake rates in synaptosomal preparations.
Diamond in itself is an insulator due to its sp3-hybridized structure
but upon doping with boron during chemical vapor deposition, it
displays semiconductor properties. In brain tissue, BDD electrodes
showed low background currents, and thus higher signal to noise ratios.
These electrodes also showed negligible fouling at higher
concentrations of serotonin in brain tissue, as previously demonstrated
in gut and invertebrate preparations. We measured a decrease in uptake
rates associated with constitutive reductions in SERT expression in
oxygenated striatal and hippocampal synaptosomes. Specifically,
serotonin uptake was reduced by ~70% in hippocampal tissue and ~50% in
striatal tissue in SERT+/- mice compared to SERT+/+ mice. Maximal
uptake (Vmax) and affinity for serotonin (Km) in striatal synaptosomes
from SERT+/- were 60 pmol/wet wt/min and 2 μM, respectively. These
are in good agreement with our previously published results using
carbon fiber microelectrodes. Given the robust nature of BDD sensors,
these might represent an alternative to carbon fiber electrodes with
the advantage of better evaluating serotonin neurotransmission in brain
under conditions when higher concentrations of serotonin might be
anticipated upon stimulation.